MPhil Alumni 2002-2007
MPHIL ALUMNI
2002 - 2007
2002-2004
Sr. No | NAME | DEGREE | YEAR | SUPERVISOR NAME | TOPIC OF THESIS | Email/Cell No |
1. | Mr. Ali Raza Awan | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Mr. Idrees Ahmad Nasir | Elimination of Potato | Assistant Professor/ Deputy Director |
2. | Mr. M. Faraz Arshad | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Valludation of 16 | _ |
3. | Mr. Muhammad Assad | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Genome Wide Scan of a | _ |
4. | Mr. Muhammad Gul Mayar | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Dr.Shaheen | Evaluation of Founder | _ |
5. | Mr. Muhammad Imran | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Dr.Shaheen | Haplotype analysis and | Assistant Professor, |
6. | Mr. Muhammad Naseem | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Tayyab Husnain | Over expression of | _ |
7. | Mr. Muhammad Shafique | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Ualidation and | _ |
8. | Mr. Obaid Ullah | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Development of Y-STR | _ |
9. | Mr. Rashid Bhatti | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr.Shaheen N. Khan | Mutational analysis of | Assistant Professor CEMB, University of |
10. | Mr. Rashid Mehmood | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Genetic analysis and clinical | _ |
11. | Mr. S. Akhtar Ali | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Genetic Evaluation of | _ |
12. | Mr. Shahid Mehmood | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Standardization of | _ |
13. | Mr. Shahid Yar Khan | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. | Linkage Analysis of | _ |
14. | Mr. Sibtain Afzal | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Dr.Shaheen N. Khan | Evaluation of Founder | _ |
15. | Ms. Amber Shahzadi | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Linkage Analysis and | Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird |
16. | Ms. Beenish Bashir | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Mutation Analysis of | _ |
17. | Ms. Farah Naz | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Tayyab Husnain | Inheritance studies of | _ |
18. | Ms. Haiba Kaul | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Comparison of human | UHS haibakaul@gmail.com |
19. | Ms. Kiran Khawaja | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Evaluation of founder | _ |
20. | Ms. Mehar Angez | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Study of Mutations | _ |
21. | Ms. Nosheen Ishaque | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Tayyab Husnain | Over expression of | _ |
22. | Ms. Qurat-ul-Ain | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. | Linkage Analysis of | Post Doc Fellow, USA |
23. | Ms. Sabiha Yasmeen | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Fermentation | _ |
24. | Ms. Sadia Mushtaq | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. Tayyab Husnain | Isolation and | _ |
25. | Ms. Saeeda Kalsoom | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr.Shaheen N. Khan | DFNB37, A recessive | _ |
26. | Ms. Shagufta Begam | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Linkage Analysis and | _ |
27. | Ms. Tamseela Zubair | M.Phil | 2002-04 | Dr. S. | Genotype Phenotype | _ |
2003-2005
Sr. No | NAME | DEGREE | YEAR | SUPERVISOR NAME | TOPIC OF THESIS |
|
1. | Abdul Ghafoor Khan | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Mr. Muhammad Idrees | Mutation within the E2 | _ |
2. | Abid Aleem | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Haplotype Analysis and | _ |
3. | Ali Muhammad Waryah | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Dr.Shaheen | Mutational Analysis of | Assistant Professor, Liaqat Medical College Sindh. |
4. | Allah Rakha | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Molecular Analysis of | _ |
5. | Ayesha Latif | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Dr.Shaheen N. Khan | Haplotype Analysis of | Research Officer cum Lecturer CEMB, PU, |
6. | Bushra Tabassum | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Dr. | Determination of | Assistant Professor, SBS, University of the Punjab, Lahore. bushra_cemb@yahoo.com |
7. | Faizan Riaz Cheema | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Dr.Shaheen N. Khan | Screening for DFNB3 | _ |
8. | Ghulam Murtaza | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Genotype and Phenotype | Deputy Education Officer, Sargodah. gmanjum@yahoo.com |
9. | Gul Naz Shabbir | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | The essence of dingle | _ |
10. | Ijaz Ali | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Mr. Muhammad Idrees | Sequence variability | _ |
11. | Majid Bashir | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Y-Chromosome STR | _ |
12. | Muhammad Asif Arif | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin /Dr. | Production and Genetic | _ |
13. | Muhammad Ramzan | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Genetic Analysis and | _ |
14. | Muhammad Riaz | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Mr. Ahmad Usman Zafar | Molecular | _ |
15. | Muhammad Zia Ul Haq | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Linkage Analysis for | _ |
16. | Namerah Ahmad Sabir | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. | Genotype – Phenotype | _ |
17. | Qaiser M. Khan | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | Haplotype Analysis of | _ |
18. | Robia Ashraf | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin /Dr. | Evaluation of Founder | |
19. | Sadia Saeed | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin /Dr. | Haplotype Analysis of | _ |
20. | Saima Anwar | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin /Dr. | Correlation of | Assistant Professor, LUMS, Lahore. |
21. | Shagufta Naz | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Dr.Shaheen N. Khan | Mutations in TECTA | Associate Professor, Department of |
22. | Shahlla Nargis Mir | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. Zahoor Ahmad | DNA Investigation and | shehlamir@gmail.com Sultan Mahmood. |
23. | Shahzad Rasheed | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Ms. Fareeha Zulfiqar | Genetic Analysis of | _ |
24. | Shamoon Naseem | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Ms Fareeha Zulfiqar | Screening of known | _ |
25. | Sobia Nazir | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin /Dr. | Molecular Studies of | _ |
26. | Tanveer Ali Choudry | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. Tayyab Husanin | Identification of | _ |
27. | Umme Amara | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Isolation and | _ |
28. | Zil-E-Huma Bashir | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. S. Riazuddin /Dr. | Mutational Analysis of | Assistant Professor, Government College |
29. | Fouzia Tahir Javed | M.Phil | 2003-05 | Dr. Zahoor | Application of PCR | Assistant Professor, |
2004-2006
Sr. No | NAME | DEGREE | YEAR | SUPERVISOR | TOPIC OF THESIS |
|
1. | Saira Saleem | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Fridoon Jawad Ahamd | Quantitative Analysis of Phytohemaglutinin | _ |
2. | Sobia Manzoor | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Fridoon Jawad Ahamd / Dr. S. Riazuddin | In Vitro Qualitative Evaluation of Cytokine | Assistant Professor, |
3. | Abdul Munim Farooq | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Idrees Ahmad Nasir | Production and molecular characterization of | Assistant Professor, CEMB, PU, Lahore |
4. | Kaneez Fatima | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Ishrat Waheed | Therapeutic Silencing of Notch2 gene by RNA | _ |
5. | M. Jaffar | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Ishrat Waheed | Therapeutic Silencing of CD23 Gene by RNA | _ |
6. | Sobia Rana | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Ishrat Waheed | Silincing of 1gE high affinity receptor alpha | _ |
7. | Nosheen Iram | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Screening for arRP Genes in Consanguineous | _ |
8. | Safdar Hussain | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | DNA typing for Parentage Verification in | Assistant Professor, CAMB, PU, Lahore |
9. | Sajjad ul Haq | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Microsatellite Based Parentage Analysis in | |
10. | Vivian Emily Atieno | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/Ahmad Usman Zafar | Cloning sequencing and expression of human | _ |
11. | Fozia Irshad | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Muhammad Idrees | Molecular Identification, Cloning and | _ |
12. | M. Jamil | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Muhammad Idrees | Identification of Helicolobacter Pylori in | _ |
13. | Nighat Yasmin | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Muhammad Idrees | Molecular identification, cloning and Sequencing | _ |
14. | Saif ur Rahman | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Muhammad Idrees | Common Genotypes of Hepatitis B virus and | _ |
15. | Samia Afzal | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Muhammad Idrees | Molecular identification Cloning and Sequening | Associate Professor, CEMB, PU, Lahore |
16. | Atiq ur Rahman | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/Ahmad Usman Zafar | Molecular Characterization of Granulocyte | Post Doc Fellow, USA. |
17. | Bushra Ijaz | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Sajida Hassan | Gene Expression Analysis of HCV Infected | Associate Professor, CEMB, PU, Lahore bijaz_009yahoo.com |
18. | M. Ahmad Maqbool | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Sajida Hassan | Gene Expression Profiling of Immune Responsive | 03004257358 UK |
19. | Ihsan ur Rahman | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | DFNB7/11 A Recessive from of Deafness in | _ |
20. | Imran Hussain | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/ Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Genetic Analysis of MY015A Gene | Germani |
21. | Khurram Shahzad | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin | Role of Otoferlin in Recessive Hearing Loss | Associate Professor, Institute of Laboratory |
22. | Sajid Ali | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Linkage Analysis for DFNB23/ USHER1F | _ |
23. | Hamid Saeed | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Role of TMPRSS3 in Recessive Hearing Loss | Professor Pu, Lahore |
24. | Ateeq ul Jaleel | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Genetic Heterogeneity of Hearing Impairment | Assistant Professor, Biochemistry Department, University of |
25. | Azra Mahmood | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. M. Ashraf/Dr. S. Riazuddin | A Study on Culturing of Adult Stem Cells | Associate Professor, CEMB, PU, Lahore |
26. | Ghulam Murtaza | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/Mr. Obaidullah | Analysis of 15 Y-STRs in the Pathan Population | Deputy Education Officer, Sargodah. gmanjum@yahoo.com |
27. | Mahmood ur Rahman | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Rahat Makhdoom | In Situ Hybridization of Bt genes in Indica | Assistant Professor, |
28. | Mahwish Younas | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin/Dr. Fridoon | Evaluation of Amniotic Membrane as a Potential | UK |
29. | Muhammad Abbas | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Genetic Analysis of DFNB12 in Pakistan | _ |
30. | Muhammad Asif Naeem | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Fareeha Zulfiqar | Mutational Analysis of TULP1 Gene for | asif_pachar@yahoo.com Assistant |
31. | Muhammad Iqbal | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Fareeha Zulfiqar | Mutational Analysis of RPE65 Gene Causing | University of Health Sciences (UHS) |
32. | Muhammad Yasir Zahoor | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Ahmad Usman Zafar | Cloning and Molecular Characterization of | Assistant Professor, |
33. | Munir Ahmad | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Linkage Analysis of DFNB4/ PDS Locus | Assistant Professor, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. |
34. | Nazir Ahmad | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Identification of a Rare hearing Impairment | Assistant Professor, Bahuddin Zakria University, Mutlan |
35. | Ramla Shahid | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Sajida Hassan | Expression Analysis of Interferon Stimulated | COMSATS |
36. | Sabika Firasat | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Fareeha Zulfiqar | Linkage Analysis for RLBP1 Gene in | Assistant Professor, Department of Biosciences, University of |
37. | Shahbaz Ali | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Fareeha Zulfiqar | Search for PDE6B in Families with Autosomal | Assistant Professor, Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, |
38. | Shahzad Rasheed | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Fareeha Zulfiqar | Identification of PDE6A gene through linkage | _ |
39. | Uzma Saeed | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. Tayyab Husnain | cDNA Sequence Homology between Gossypium | Associate Professor, SBS, PU, Lahore |
40. | Zawar Hussain | M.Phil | 2004-06 | Dr. S. Riazuddin / Dr. Shaheen N. Khan | Usher 1B, A Syndromic Form of Autosomal | Forensic Annalyst PFSA, Lahore |
2005-2007
Sr. No |
NAME |
DEGREE |
YEAR |
SUPERVISOR |
TOPIC OF THESIS |
|
1. |
Mr. Ashiq Hussain |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Khalid Masood |
Insillicostudyofpathogenicty and Human gastric colorization of helicobacter Pylori. |
_ |
2. |
Ms. Asma Asghar |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Usman Zafar |
Cloning and expression studies of press S2 region of HBV surface antigen gene in Pichia pestis. |
_ |
3. |
Mr. Attaa ur Rehman |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Ishtiaq qadri |
Evaluatiion of Hepcidin (Hepc) and Ferroportin (Fpn) expression in response to interferon in response to interferon ab and inflammatory agents in HCV and TB infected patients. |
_ |
4. |
Ms. Farheeha Shariq |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Shaheen N. Khan |
Haplotyopeand mutatioanal anises of TMPRSS3 gene. |
_ |
5. |
Mr. Kausar Hussain |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Shaheen N. Khan |
Homozygosity mapping of usher lci and mauational analysis of Myo7A” |
_ |
6. |
Mr.Khalid Mahmood Anjum |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Obaid Ullah / Dr. S. Riazuddin |
Population study and validation of paternity testing for thorohghbred horses by 12 Miicrstelllite 161loci. |
_ |
7. |
Mr. Muhammad Imran |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. S. Riazuddin/Dr. Fareeha |
Mutational analysis of RP1 gene in a consanguineous Pakistani family. |
_ |
8. |
Mr. Muhammad Muqadas |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. M. Ashraf Tahir |
Molecular identification of vaginal secretion stains for forensic analysis by gene expression progiling |
_ |
9. |
Ms. Mayida Azhar |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Sajida Hassan |
Supperssion of NA4A region of viral genome-1a by small interfering RNA. |
_ |
10. |
Ms. Saima Saddique |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Tayyab Husnain |
Isolation and cloning of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase from Arabidopsis thaliana to a plant expression vector |
_ |
11. |
Ms. Saima Zafar |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Sajida Hassan |
Effect of small interfering RNA against the P7 gene of Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a. |
_ |
12. |
Ms.Aaliy Tariq |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Idrees Khan |
Development of Vaccine vector for HCV Genotype 3A using E2 Gene Cloning and its Expression Studies. |
_ |
13. |
Mr. Muhammad Farhan Ullah Khan |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Obaid Ullah / Dr. S. Riazuddin |
STR polymorphism study in Thorouthbred Pakistan(TBP) Horses. |
_ |
14. |
Mr. Muhammad Asif Khan |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. M. Ashraf Tahir |
Molecular identification of menstrual blood and circulatory of blood for forensic analysis. |
_ |
15. |
Mr. Noman Bin Abid |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Gulzar A. Niazi |
Mutational Analysis of Exon 11, 23 and 24 of Factor viii Gene in classical Hemophilia A patients in Punjab. |
_ |
16. |
Mr. Rashid Hussain |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Gulzar A. Niazi |
Characterization of Mutations within the Exons 4,8,18, of Factor viii Gene oin Urrelated Hemophilia A patints. |
_ |
17. |
Noor Muhammad |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. Tayyab Husnain |
Inhertance and biosafty studies of bt transgnic basmati rice. |
_ |
18. |
Asif Nadeem |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
Dr. M. Ashraf Tahir |
Development and gentic analyses of pentaplex system of X-limked STRs for forensic purposed. |
_ |
19. |
M. Azam Chattha |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
_ |
_ |
|
20. |
Tahir Mehmood |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
_ |
_ |
_ |
21. |
Keivan Ahmadi |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
_ |
_ |
_ |
22. |
Fatima Afzal |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
_ |
_ |
_ |
23. |
Muhammad Shahzad |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
_ |
_ |
_ |
24. |
M. Shameem Asim |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
_ |
_ |
_ |
25. |
Muhammad Nawaz |
M.Phil |
2005-07 |
_ |
_ |
_ |
2006 – 2008
Sr. No |
NAME |
DEGREE |
YEAR |
SUPERVISOR NAME |
TOPIC OF THESIS |
|
1. |
Abdul Rehman |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Muhammad Sarwar |
Biosyntheis of Lipoic |
_ |
2. |
Adeel Nasir |
M. |
2006-08 |
Dr. S. Riazuddin |
Cloning and Expression |
_ |
3. |
Allah Bakhsh |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Sajida Hassain/Dr. |
Anti-Viral Screening |
Associate Professor, CEMB, PU, Lahore
|
4. |
Anas Ahmad Khawaja |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Sajida Hassan |
Expression analysis of |
_ |
5. |
Asma Amjad |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Usman Zafar |
Cloning and Expression |
_ |
6. |
Ayesha Shabbir |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Zia/Mr. Khalid |
In Silico Analysis of |
_ |
7. |
Imran Shahid |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Sajida Hassan |
Toxicological analysis |
|
8. |
Kalim Ullah |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Mr. Ubiadullah |
Development of Mini |
_ |
9. |
Mudassar Altaf |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. G. A. Niazi |
Mutational Analysis of |
_ |
10. |
Mudussar Murtaza |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Sajida Hassan |
Molecular |
_ |
11. |
Muhammad Sohail |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Sajida Hassan |
Expression analysis of |
_ |
12. |
Nasir Siddique |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Muhammad |
Identification and |
_ |
13. |
Nazia Nawaz |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. G. A. Niazi |
Molecular basis of |
_ |
14. |
Riffat Mehnoob |
M.Phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. S. Riazzudin |
Founder effect |
_ |
15. |
Sara Altaf |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. G. A. Niazi |
Molecular Biology of |
_ |
16. |
Shahid Hussain |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. S. Riazzudin/ |
Allelic frequencies of |
_ |
17. |
Sobia Noreen |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Tayyab Husnain |
Detection of Bt gene |
_ |
18. |
Shahzad Bhatti |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Manzoor Hussain/ Dr. |
Sequence polymorphism |
_ |
19. |
Tahir iqbal |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. M. Idrees |
Cloning Sequence and |
_ |
20. |
Talib Hussain |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. S. Riazzudin |
Linkage analysis of a |
_ |
21. |
Vakil Ahmad |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Mr. Ubaidullah |
STR Genotyping and DNA |
_ |
22. |
Wasim Abbas |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Tayyab Husnain |
Cloning and |
_ |
23. |
Zainab Siddique |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Ahmad Usman Zafar |
Cloning and expression |
_ |
24. |
Zafar Iqbal |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. Sajida Husnain/ |
Production of Human |
_ |
25. |
Zeeshan Shaukat |
M.phil |
2006-08 |
Dr. G. A. Niazi |
Characterization of |
_ |